Christianity
has long held that our Faith is a reasonable one. From the recognition of God’s
existence to the right use of our sexuality, human reason powerfully reaffirms
our deepest convictions as Catholics. Not only do we Christians need to be able
to present our beliefs in a logical way, but as our society descends further
into secularism it behooves us to be able to show how the traditional understanding
of morality and family life are not simply “antiquated religious notions,” but are
demonstrably true to any person willing to employ their reason in living
according to nature. This is where philosophy, and Stoic philosophy in
particular, has always been of value to Christians. As St. Justin Martyr
explained in the second century, “In moral philosophy the Stoics have
established right principles, and the poets too have expounded such, because
the seed of the Word was implanted in the whole human race” (Second Apology VIII, 1). And that
brings me to the new book from my friend Dr. Kevin Vost, The Porch and the Cross: Ancient Stoic
Wisdom for Modern Christian Living. I am incredibly gratified that
Angelico Press recognized it as an ideal complement to my work of biblical exegesis/apologetics,
The Epistle to the Hebrews and the Seven
Core Beliefs of Catholics.
In The Porch and the
Cross, Dr. Vost introduces us to the lives, teachings, and legacies of four
of the most influential Stoic philosophers – Musonius Rufus, Epictetus, Seneca,
and the Roman Emperor, Marcus Aurelius. (Amazingly, two were historical
contemporaries of the Lord Jesus; we even read of Seneca’s brother, Gallio, in
Acts 18:12-27!) Unless you are already steeped in the Stoics, I have no doubt
that, like me, you will be amazed at what you discover in this book.
Allow me to follow Dr. Vost’s lead and begin with Musonius
Rufus. The man was a first-century “pro-life” activist! Not only did he publicly
protest the gladiatorial games in Athens, but he also extolled the ancient laws
prohibiting abortion and contraception. He taught that marriage was the natural
union of one man and one woman, entered into for the beauty of life-long
companionship and the welcoming of new lives (hopefully, many new lives) into the world. Parents, and not an amorphous
state, bore the responsibility for educating their children –and that applied equally
to sons and daughters (since both
possessed the same powers of reason).
Dr. Vost then presents us with pride of the Stoics,
Epictetus – the slave (his very name means “acquired”) who gained his freedom
and rose to prominence as a professional philosopher. Epictetus taught that
happiness, no matter one’s state in life, lay in interior freedom. It is what we say to ourselves, and not our
circumstances, that determine our emotions and actions; and it is our moral
purpose that distinguishes us from animals. He addressed practical means of
growing in virtue and combating what we Christians would come to call the seven
deadly sins. Is it any wonder that his Handbook
was adapted for use in Christian monasteries? Further, Epictetus’ insights served as the basis for psychotherapists
Albert Ellis’s rational-emotive therapy and Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy.
I realize that I have two Stoics yet to discuss: Of Seneca
let me simply note that his maxims were especially loved by the early Dominicans
and that St. Thomas Aquinas made copious use of them when extolling the virtues
in his Summa Theologica. (Is there a
stronger endorsement?) Dr. Vost’s chapters covering Marcus Aurelius are truly
inspirational – a Roman emporer who embraced simplicity, sexual purity, and was
convinced that all human beings, no matter their station in life, possessed
dignity. Listen to him for yourself: “[M]y philosophy means keeping that vital
spark within you free from damage and degradation, using it to transcend pain and
pleasure, doing everything with a purpose, avoiding lies and hypocrisy, not
relying on another person’s actions or failings. To accept everything that
comes and everything that is given, as coming from the same spiritual source” (Meditations, II, 17). It is the grace of
Christ that makes it possible for us to do just that!
The Stoics had their short comings, but Christians have
always recognized them as powerful cultural allies in explicating a morality
rooted in the natural law and the inculcation of virtue. Dr. Kevin Vost’s The Porch and the Cross: Ancient Stoic
Wisdom for Modern Christian Living (Angelico Press, 2016) is a much
needed reminder that Christianity, and especially Catholic Christianity, has
always valued its Jewish and Gentile heritage: We embrace Revelation and philosophy, faith and reason
– all in the service of Christ, Truth incarnate.
